The Role of Fuel Cell Technology in Modern and Future Aviation

Abstract

The aviation sector ranks among the fastest-growing contributors to carbon dioxide emissions, making the decarbonization of air transport an urgent global imperative for sustainable development. Regarding propulsion options, while conventional gas turbines are constrained by greenhouse gas emissions, while battery-electric propulsion systems are criticized regarding its energy density and charging speed. Fuel cells replace combustion with electrochemical reactions to convert chemical energy into electrical energy, gradually emerging as an ideal alternative solution characterized by high efficiency, rapid refueling, and near-zero emissions. This article examines the suitability and comparative advantages of fuel cell technology for electric aviation applications by analyzing the operational mechanisms of different fuel cell types. It also identifies the challenges facing fuel cell development and highlights key areas for future innovation. Research findings indicate that proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) offer high power density and rapid transient response characteristics, making them highly suitable for small regional aircraft. In contrast, solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) demonstrate superior fuel flexibility and steady-state efficiency, rendering them ideal for hybrid or long-range flight applications. These discoveries underscore the significance of fuel cell propulsion systems in extending flight endurance, increasing flight frequency, and advancing aviation decarbonization.