Transactions on Environment, Energy and Earth Sciences
Transactions on Environment, Energy and Earth Sciences (TEEES) aims to publish peer-reviewed proceedings from conferences on research and applications in the field of environment, energy and earth sciences. Major disciplines include: soil sciences, hydrology, oceanography, climatology, geology, geography, energy engineering (production, distribution and storage), renewable energy, sustainable development, natural resources management, environmental health, etc.
A review of the classification and mechanism of action of battery-based sensors
Safety monitoring and lifespan management of lithium-ion batteries are crucial for new energy applications. However, traditional battery management systems (BMS) rely solely on electrical signals such as voltage, current, and surface temperature, making it difficult to detect internal hazards in a timely manner. They also suffer from limitations such as delayed response and a single observable quantity. In recent years, new sensing technologies have been introduced into the interior and surface of batteries to acquire various physical information, such as heat and force, enabling in-situ monitoring of the battery status. This article systematically discusses the main categories of battery sensors and their mechanisms of action. It compares the latest research progress and performance indicators of technology routes such as fiber Bragg grating (FBG), non-dispersive infrared (NDIR), and MXene-based flexible sensors. It also summarizes engineering challenges and coping strategies, including packaging integration, signal decoupling, early warning algorithms, and multimodal fusion. The application value of sensing technology in battery SoC/SoH estimation, safety warnings, and fast charging adaptation is discussed. Finally, the future development directions of battery sensing technology, including non-intrusive sensing, wireless transmission integration, and the fusion of physical models and machine learning, provide guidance for the next generation of intelligent battery monitoring and management.
Sensor classification; multi-physics coupling; FBG; BMS; SoC.
Copyright (c) 2025 Transactions on Environment, Energy and Earth Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Research progress on metal-organic frameworks in fluorescent detection of biomarkers
Biomarkers act as "molecular probes" in disease diagnosis and play a pivotal role in disease diagnosis, prognostic evaluation, and monitoring of treatment efficacy. Traditional detection techniques like LC-MS/MS and ELISA come with limitations including high costs, prolonged testing durations, and elevated false-positive rates, these features have spurred the rapid advancement of fluorescent detection technologies. As an emerging class of fluorescent sensing materials, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) possess unique structural designability, ultra-high specific surface area, and excellent biocompatibility, thereby exhibiting significant application potential in the field of biomarker fluorescent detection. This paper systematically reviews three major categories of biomarkers selected from a broad spectrum of biomarker types: pathogen-related biomarkers (anthrax biomarker pyridine-2,6-dicarboxylic acid (DPA)); disease metabolism-related biomarkers (carcinoid syndrome biomarkers 3-(2-aminoethyl)-1H-indol-5-ol (5-HT) and 2-(5-hydroxy-1H-indol-3-yl)acetic acid (5-HIAA), environmental toxin metabolite pyren-1-ol (1-HP), and amino acid metabolites 4-(2-aminoethyl)-2-methoxyphenol (3-MT) and histidine (His)); and nutrition and health-related biomarkers (2- (3, 4-dihydroxyphenyl)-3,5,7-trihydroxy-4H-chromen-4-one (Que)). Fluorescence detection technology based on metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) enables highly sensitive detection at the nM-μM level. Its mechanisms include host-guest recognition via hydrogen bonding and π-π stacking, photoinduced electron transfer (PET), and energy transfer (IFE, FRET), providing a technical foundation for the development of comprehensive detection systems. Although MOF-based fluorescent sensing technology holds great promise, it still faces challenges such as stability, biosafety, and application conversion. In the future, efforts should be made to optimize materials, improve safety assessment systems, and integrate equipment to accelerate the industrialization of MOF-based fluorescent sensing technology in precision medicine and disease diagnosis.
Metal-organic frameworks, Fluorescence detection, Biomarkers, Sensing mechanisms, Precision medicine.
Copyright (c) 2026 Transactions on Environment, Energy and Earth Sciences https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Research Status and Prospect of Fluorescence Detection of Antibiotics Based on Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs)
Antibiotic residues pose a serious threat to the ecological environment and human health. The development of rapid and sensitive detection methods is of great significance. This paper systematically reviews the research progress of fluorescence sensing platforms based on Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) in antibiotic detection in recent years, with emphasis on their luminescence mechanisms and sensing principles, and analyzes the regulatory effects of ligand design, metal center selection and pore engineering on detection performance, and then proposes structure-performance optimization strategies to provide new ideas for the rational design of highly selective MOFs sensors. The typical applications of this type of material in the detection of tetracyclines, quinolones, sulfonamides, nitroimidazoles and nitrofurans are summarized, demonstrating its high sensitivity, excellent selectivity and fast response characteristics. And through efficient identification verification of trace antibiotics in complex matrices such as water and food, it provides a technical path for the MOFs sensing platform to transform from laboratory research to actual detection. This review particularly highlights the significant breakthroughs of MOFs in multimodal analysis, visualization and field detection, and looks forward to the current challenges and future development directions, providing a reference for the continuous innovation in this field.
Metal-Organic Frameworks, Fluorescence Detection, Antibiotics, Sensing Mechanism, Field Detection.
Source Apportionment of Soil Heavy Metal Pollution in the Yangtze River Basin Based on the Multiscale Geographically Weighted Spatial Lag Model
As a crucial agricultural base, economic belt, and ecological barrier in China, the Yangtze River Basin is increasingly plagued by soil heavy metal pollution due to the combination of complex natural geographical conditions and intensive human activities. Based on soil heavy metal (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Zn) content data from 906 sampling sites in the Yangtze River Basin from 2000 to 2020, this study integrated 11 explanatory variables from four categories (topography, land use, socio-economy, and meteorology) to construct three models: Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR), Multiscale Geographically Weighted Regression (MGWR), and Multiscale Geographically Weighted Spatial Lag Model (MGWR-VSLR). The spatial distribution characteristics and driving mechanisms of heavy metal pollution were systematically analyzed.Results showed MGWR - VSLR model excelled in R² and AICc, capturing heavy metal pollution's spatial features. As and Hg pollution were affected by different factors. Spatial lag term indicated cross - regional influence. Soil heavy metal pollution in Yangtze River Basin results from natural and human factors. The research aids prevention and green development.
Yangtze River Basin, soil heavy metals, multiscale geographically weighted spatial lag model, spatial heterogeneity, driving mechanism.
Research on Capacity Optimization of Wind Solar Complementary Hybrid Energy Storage System
With the "dual carbon" aim being widely promoted, there is an urgent need to promote the sustainable development of wind solar complementary power stations (WSCPS). Therefore, this article proposes an optimization model for wind solar complementary hybrid energy storage system. Firstly, establish a mathematical model for the hybrid energy storage system (HESS) and propose a power allocation strategy for the HESS; Then, with the energy storage capacity configuration parameters as optimization variables and the minimum lifecycle cost of HESS in WSCPS as the optimization objective, Cauchy mutation adaptive particle swarm optimization (CMAPSO) is used to solve the actual case study; Finally, the Cauchy mutation adaptive particle swarm optimization (CMAPSO) used in this study is compared with particle swarm optimization (PSO) and adaptive inertia weight particle swarm optimization ( AIWPSO ). It can be seen from the comparison results that the optimal values of CMAPSO and AIWPSO are 64.3 % and 53.1 % lower than those of PSO, respectively. The optimization ability of CMAPSO is stronger. Comparing the mean and variance, it can also be seen that the optimization accuracy of CMAPSO algorithm is higher and relatively stable, the usefulness and superiority of the suggested scheme and algorithm were demonstrated.
Wind Solar Complementary Power Stations, Hybrid Energy Storage System, Cauchy Mutation Adaptive Particle Swarm Optimization, Capacity Configuration.
A Novel Transformer-Enhanced Framework for Multi-scale Feature Fusion in Remote Sensing Change Detection
With the rapid advancement of remote sensing technology, high-resolution satellite imagery has become increasingly accessible for monitoring urban expansion and surface changes. However, change detection in remote sensing images faces several significant challenges, including inconsistent image registration, inadequate handling of multi-scale features, class imbalance in training samples, and the occurrence of pseudo-changes that appear as modifications but represent no actual surface alterations. To address these limitations, this paper presents MA-CDNeXt, a novel deep learning model that enhances the Transformer architecture for improved change detection in high-resolution remote sensing imagery. The proposed model incorporates three key innovations: (1) an enhanced feature encoder that better captures spatial-temporal information, (2) integration of MAFGNet's multi-scale attention fusion mechanism within CDNeXt's spatial-temporal module to effectively process features at different scales, and (3) an optimized feature fusion decoder equipped with a dual-branch graph convolution module for more accurate change localization. To mitigate the class imbalance problem commonly encountered in change detection datasets, we employ a combined loss function incorporating cross-entropy loss, Dice loss, and focal loss. Experimental evaluation on the LEVIR-CD+ dataset demonstrates the effectiveness of our approach, achieving an overall accuracy of 84.09% and a recall rate of 78.39%. The results indicate that MA-CDNeXt successfully addresses the key challenges in remote sensing image change detection and provides a robust solution for monitoring surface changes in high-resolution imagery.
Remote sensing image change detection; Multi-scale feature fusion; Enhanced Transformer; Attention mechanism; Graph convolutional network.
Preparation of Noble Metal Nanoparticles and Their Application in Photocatalytic Water Splitting
Photocatalytic water splitting represents a sustainable method to the production of hydrogen, leveraging sunlight to drive the dissociation of water molecules into hydrogen and oxygen through the semiconductor photocatalysts enhanced by noble metal nanoparticles. This paper will explore the fundamental principles of photocatalysis, including energy band theory and the critical role of noble metals such as platinum, gold, palladium, and silver in facilitating electron transfer, reducing recombination, and improving catalytic efficiency. Key synthesis methods for noble metal nanoparticles, including chemical reduction, hydrothermal, and environmentally friendly approaches are discussed, emphasizing factors like particle size, shape, and surface modifications that influence its performance and stability. Applications in systems like CdS-based catalysts and phosphorus-modified palladium nanoparticles demonstrate significant enhancements in the rate of hydrogen evolution, with comparisons that highlight the trade-offs between activity, cost, and endurance. Challenges such as photocorrosion and electron-hole recombination are analyzed, alongside synergistic effects from plasmonic properties and multi-metal configurations. The discussion underscores the potential of optimized noble metal systems for efficient, large-scale hydrogen generation, while identifying future directions for improved stability and visible light utilization to advance clean energy technologies.
Photocatalytic water splitting; noble metal; nanoparticles.
Research and Development Review of Hub Motor Drive Technology for New Energy Vehicles
Under the influence of the dual problems of global energy and environment, countries around the world have actively formulated laws, regulations and related policies to promote the development of electric vehicles. New energy vehicles, with their advantages of energy conservation, environmental protection and high efficiency, have become an important direction for the transformation and upgrading of the future automotive industry. Among them, electric vehicles, as the main type of new energy vehicles, are rapidly popularizing and innovating in technology. The electric drive system is a core component of electric vehicles, and its performance directly affects the power, economy and safety of the entire vehicle. Among the many electric drive schemes, hub motor drive technology has gradually become an important research direction for new energy vehicle drive systems due to its advantages such as compact structure, high transmission efficiency and flexible layout. This paper presents the development of hub motor drive technology and its specific applications, summarizes the current development bottlenecks and countermeasures of hub motors, and finally looks forward to the future development direction of hub motors, providing a reference for the development of hub motor technology in new energy vehicles.
New energy vehicles; Hub motors; Distributed control; Research Status.
A Multi-Objective Optimization Framework for Planning and Operation of Wind-Photovoltaic-Energy Storage Systems in Smart Grids
Driven by the “dual carbon” goals, the global energy structure is transforming toward clean energy. It aggravates the resource depletion and environmental pollution faced by traditional fossil fuel power systems. Nowadays, the share of wind energy and solar energy is constantly increasing. But due to natural conditions, they still exist characteristics like intermittency. Energy storage systems, become a key solution to address these challenges by balancing supply and demand and enhance grid stability. Nevertheless, existing integrated energy planning models often fail to accurately capture the spatiotemporal correlation between wind and solar resources. To address these issues, this paper raises a multi-objective framework aiming to minimize annual total cost and renewable energy curtailment rate. This framework integrates K-Means clustering used for typical scenario extraction, the Frank-Copula function to model wind-PV correlation, and Kantorovich distance-based scenario reduction to improve efficiency. Taking the Sanjiangyuan Project as an example, after optimization, indicators like wind and solar curtailment rate, and life-all-cycle cost have obviously decreased. At the same time, the probability of insufficient power supply has been reduced, verifying the effectiveness of the model. This work provides a practical and supportive tool for the planning and stable operation of future high-renewable energy systems.
Wind-Photovoltaic-Energy Storage System; Smart Grid; Multi-Objective Optimization; Uncertainty Modeling.
Synergistic Effects of Nature-based Solutions (NbS) in Watershed Pollution Control and Carbon Sequestration: An Engineering Review of Wetlands, Floodplain Restoration, and Ecological Revetments
As global climate change and ecosystem degradation continue to accelerate, nature-based solutions (NbS) have emerged as an important and sustainable approach to improving the health and resilience of watersheds. NbS integrate ecological processes into environmental management, using natural systems such as wetlands, floodplains, and ecological revetments to achieve water purification, habitat restoration, and carbon sequestration. This review systematically analyzes the current progress and application of NbS in the control of watershed pollution and carbon management. It also deals with the synergistic mechanisms between hydrological regulation and biogeochemical cycling. By examining a wide range of research results, it points out how NbS can effectively reduce nutrient and sediment loads, enhance carbon storage through vegetation and soil processes, and contribute to alleviating climate change impacts. However, the practical implementation of NbS still faces several challenges, including limited technology, insufficient economic evaluation, and lack of standardized monitoring and policy. To increase the scale of the application of NbS in watershed management, future research should focus on improving model integration,remote sensing and data-driven monitoring technologies. Also unified evaluation standards should be established. Strengthening collaboration among different fields and standard policy will also be vital to realize the potential of NbS for sustainable watershed governance.
Nature-based solutions; Watershed Management; Pollution Control; Carbon Sequestration; Ecological Restoration.
Research Progress of Shape Memory Polymers in Biomedical Fields
When external stimulation is applied, Shape Memory Polymer (SMP) can maintain its shape and spontaneously revert to its initial form when the stimulation is removed. With the increasing demand for smart materials in biomedical engineering, shape memory polymers have attracted extensive attention due to their unique stimulus-responsive properties. Because of their superior qualities, SMPs are progressively being utilized in the biomedical industry. SMPs are currently employed in biological domains, including tissue repair, drug delivery, and surgery. This thesis summarizes the high stretchability, biodegradability, and biocompatibility of SMPs. It also details their fundamental operating mechanisms and four common actuation types (thermal-responsive, light-responsive, electric-responsive and chemical-responsive). The thesis also highlights the current clinical applications of SMPs in drug delivery, dentistry, and tissue regeneration. Systematic research on the multi-response mechanism of SMP and its applications in biomedicine is conducive to promoting the innovative development of intelligent medical devices in the field of precision medicine.
Shape Memory Polymer; Reversibly Cross-linked Network Structure; Thermo-responsive; Light-responsive; Chemical-responsive; Drug Delivery; Dentistry.
Water-Response Materials in the Medical Field
Water-response materials (WRMs) are intelligent materials that shift shape, swell, or disintegrate with water. Biocompatibility facilitates use in medicine. At present, in biomedical fields such as bone defect repair and artificial muscle, traditional materials still face significant challenges in terms of biocompatibility, functional adaptability and minimally invasive implantation. The paper is a summary of WRMs' principles, categories, and preparation procedures, with an emphasis on the treatment of bone defects and the artificial muscle. The problems involving response stability, functions, and the limitations of scalability are discussed. The direction for the future is a move toward precision, multi-response synergy, and merging with 4D printing. WRMs are capable of breaking through the limitations of ordinary alloys, increasing biological compatibility, and decreasing the necessity for follow-up surgery, and consequently promoting the further development of minimally invasive medicine. This study systematically reviews the design principles and application frontiers of water-responsive materials, providing crucial theoretical basis and material selection for the development of the next generation of intelligent medical devices.
Water-responsive materials; Biomedical use; Hydrogel; 4D printing; Repair.
Electrochemical Water Oxidation for Hydrogen Peroxide Generation and Its Applications in Environment Fields
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is widely used in the field of biochemical disinfection due to its oxidizing property and environmental friendliness. Its demand is also increasing year by year in industries such as textiles, papermaking, and water treatment. The anthraquinone method is currently the main industrial method for producing H2O2, but this method involves multiple steps, and H2O2 separation and purification is difficult. The direct synthesis method also has problems such as high energy consumption and low safety. Instead, electrocatalytic water oxidation reaction (WOR) is a convenient, economical and environmentally friendly way, with advantages such as simple reaction conditions, clean production and safe reaction process. This review summarized the reaction mechanism, performance characterization, various electrocatalysts and modification methods, practical applications, summary and outlook for WORs for H2O2 production.
Electrochemical Water Oxidation; H2O2 Generation; Modification strategy; Environmental applications.
Research Progress of Fe-SMA in Seismic Resistance and Durability Enhancement of Bridge Structures
Iron-based shape memory alloys (Fe-SMA) have become a research hotspot in the field of bridge engineering due to their advantages such as shape memory effect, superelasticity and low cost. Due to the difficulty of traditional bridge materials in meeting both seismic resistance and durability requirements, this paper reviews the key performance of Fe-SMA application and the existing research gaps, providing a reference for future related research. This article mainly summarizes the seismic application forms of Fe-SMA in key parts of bridges and analyzes the seismic mechanism of this material regarding shape memory effect and superelasticity. Meanwhile, the research progress of Fe-SMA in enhancing the durability of bridge structures, such as fatigue resistance and corrosion resistance, was expounded. Previous studies have shown that Fe-SMA cannot only effectively enhance the seismic performance of bridges, but also has excellent fatigue resistance and corrosion resistance, which is expected to significantly extend the service life of bridges. There are still deficiencies in the research on Fe-SMA in enhancing the seismic resistance and durability of bridge structures. If it can be studied and improved in the future, it is expected to create tremendous value.
Iron-based shape memory alloys (Fe-SMA); Shape memory effect; Bridge; Seismic resistance; Durability.
Exploration of different biomasses as graphite cathode precursors for dual-ion batteries
Following lithium batteries, dual-ion batteries have attracted attention for their inherent benefits of affordability, elevated voltage, and environmental sustainability. As a key component of such batteries, the performance characterization of graphite cathode is crucial for their cycle stability. In order to minimize the barrier to anion embedding in the graphite cathode, the electrode material needs to be characterized by a high degree of graphitization as well as a suitable layer spacing. Therefore, this paper compares the properties of five biomass materials used for the fabrication of carbon electrodes, namely coconut shell, ginger root, microcrystalline cellulose, kraft lignin and bamboo, after graphitization from the data point of view of ID/IG values as well as (002) facet spacing. In these five data sets, the best graphitization was in coconut shell but the best layer spacing was in ginger root. And in the comparison of the main components of biomass, cellulose performed better than lignin overall after graphitization. Further, this paper makes conjectures about better results with high cellulose content of general biomass precursors and measures to dissolve feedstock lignin and hemicellulose. In addition, this paper recommends the graphitization of biomass using an iron-cobalt catalyst and carbonization heating conditions above 1300°C.
Dual-ion battery; graphite cathode; biomass.
Research on Nanocatalysts and Their Application in the Catalytic Reduction of Carbon Dioxide
This article mainly elaborates on four aspects: the introduction and application of nanocatalysts, the performance advantages of nanoparticles, the catalytic reduction of carbon dioxide by nanoparticles, and prospects for the future. The first paragraph introduces why nanoparticles can act as catalysts, how nanoparticles are synthesized, and their applications. The second paragraph focuses on the favorable properties of nanoparticles, including their excellent stability, environmental friendliness, ability to reduce the required activation energy, high catalytic activity, and outstanding catalytic selectivity. The third paragraph describes in detail the process of carbon dioxide being catalytically reduced by nanoparticles to produce formic acid and methane. The prospect section summarizes the solved and unsolved challenges encountered in catalytic reduction reactions, as well as the specific directions for addressing the unsolved issues. The main problems include difficulties in the molecular activation of carbon dioxide, poor product selectivity, insufficient stability of nanocatalysts, and harsh reaction conditions for nanocatalysis.
Nanoparticles; catalysis; methane; formic acid.
Exploration of the Improvement of Shape Memory Alloys for Elastocaloric Refrigeration
Elastomeric cooling, an emerging solid-state cooling technology that uses the reversible phase transition between austenite and martensite in shape memory alloys (SMA) under stress for cooling, has advantages such as high COP and environmental friendliness, and is expected to replace traditional cooling methods. This paper systematically presents the basic principles of elastocaloric refrigeration, the methods for characterizing material properties and the progress of equipment research. The fatigue life, elastocaloric effect and cooling efficiency of SMA were significantly enhanced through material modification (such as element doping, concentration gradient design, and nanocrystalline structure regulation) and structural optimization (such as thin-walled tubes, thin-film multilayer coupling, tilt, and roller drive design). Despite the current challenges of fatigue life, equipment compactness and energy utilization efficiency, elastomeric cooling technology shows broad application prospects in low-carbon environmental protection and efficient cooling. Although it still faces challenges such as fatigue life, equipment compactness and energy utilization efficiency at present, elastomer cooling technology shows broad application prospects in the fields of low-carbon environmental protection and efficient refrigeration.
Shape memory alloys; Elastocaloric; Efficient refrigeration.
Recent Advances in the Applications of Magnetic Shape Memory Polymers in Electronic Devices and Biomedical Engineering
As electronic devices continue to evolve toward flexibility and miniaturization, and biomedical technologies advance toward precision and intelligence, the demand for smart materials has become increasingly urgent. Magnetic shape memory polymers (MSMPs), owing to their advantages of contactless magnetic actuation, multiple shape-memory effects, excellent processability, and remote controllability, have emerged as a focal research topic in both fields. This paper provides a systematic review of recent progress in the application of MSMPs in electronic devices and biomedical engineering. Emphasis is placed on material design strategies and fabrication techniques, followed by an analysis of underlying performance mechanisms and representative application cases. In-depth research on MSMPs not only helps to promote the innovative development of the next generation of intelligent devices, but also provides a brand-new technical path for disease diagnosis and treatment as well as tissue engineering repair. In addition, the major challenges currently faced by MSMPs and potential future development directions are discussed.
Magnetic shape memory polymers; Electronic devices; Biomedical applications; 4D printing; Multi-stimuli responsiveness.
The Rate Capability Limitation in High-Energy-Density Lithium-Ion Batteries: Origins and Mitigation Strategies
In the development of electric vehicles, the advancement of batteries is undoubtedly the most crucial aspect. There are two key indicators that are particularly important for the use of batteries, namely energy density and charging rate. They correspond respectively to the driving range of electric vehicles and the charging time. An excellent battery must possess both high energy density and high charging rate. However, electrode materials that provide high energy density (such as high-nickel positive electrodes and silicon-based negative electrodes) often come with poor rate performance and cycle stability. This leads to problems such as high temperatures during charging or short battery lifespan. This paper systematically analyzes the limiting mechanisms of each component of the battery (with a focus on the positive and negative electrodes) on rate performance, and reviews the latest material-level and system-level improvement strategies. Finally, it summarizes the advantages and disadvantages of existing technologies and looks forward to possible future research directions.
Lithium-ion battery; high energy density; fast charging; electrode material; interface dynamics.
The Role of Fuel Cell Technology in Modern and Future Aviation
The aviation sector ranks among the fastest-growing contributors to carbon dioxide emissions, making the decarbonization of air transport an urgent global imperative for sustainable development. Regarding propulsion options, while conventional gas turbines are constrained by greenhouse gas emissions, while battery-electric propulsion systems are criticized regarding its energy density and charging speed. Fuel cells replace combustion with electrochemical reactions to convert chemical energy into electrical energy, gradually emerging as an ideal alternative solution characterized by high efficiency, rapid refueling, and near-zero emissions. This article examines the suitability and comparative advantages of fuel cell technology for electric aviation applications by analyzing the operational mechanisms of different fuel cell types. It also identifies the challenges facing fuel cell development and highlights key areas for future innovation. Research findings indicate that proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) offer high power density and rapid transient response characteristics, making them highly suitable for small regional aircraft. In contrast, solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) demonstrate superior fuel flexibility and steady-state efficiency, rendering them ideal for hybrid or long-range flight applications. These discoveries underscore the significance of fuel cell propulsion systems in extending flight endurance, increasing flight frequency, and advancing aviation decarbonization.
Fuel cells; Electric aviation; Decarbonization.
Application and Improvement of Shape Memory Polymer Stents in Bone Defect Repair
The PLLA-TMC-GA shape memory polymer scaffold effectively addresses critical limitations of traditional bone repair scaffolds, such as inadequate geometric adaptability and mismatched mechanical properties. However, it still suffers from insufficient performance in drug release behavior and distribution uniformity. Building on previous studies, this work proposes that incorporating intelligent hydrogel-mediated controlled release and nano/micro-scale drug loading strategies can significantly enhance the controllability, distribution homogeneity, and release intelligence of drug delivery in PLLA-TMC-GA shape memory scaffolds. These improvements are anticipated to promote osteogenic activity and reduce potential toxicity risks. This study offers a comprehensive strategy to address the critical drug delivery challenges associated with existing shape memory scaffolds, while simultaneously laying a foundational framework for the development of next-generation intelligent bone repair materials that exhibit superior therapeutic efficacy and broader clinical applicability. This research provides a crucial theoretical basis and technical path for the development of a new generation of intelligent bone repair materials that possess excellent mechanical adaptability, precise drug-controlled release capabilities, and good biological safety.
Shape Memory Polymer; Bone Tissue Engineering; Geometric Compatibility; Controlled Drug Release; Ph-Responsive Hydrogel.
Medical Usage of Degradable Shape Memory Polymers
In recent years, with the emergence of a large number of research results on degradable Shape Memory Polymers (dSMPs), some researchers have noticed that this material has a wide range of application scenarios in medicine. This article summarizes the current application status of different types of shape memory materials in various fields of medicine and reflects their application value in medicine. Research has found that dSMPs have already found certain applications in implants. Due to their unique advantages, they are gradually replacing implants made of traditional materials. However, there is less research on them in the field of micro-robots, and they still have broad research prospects. Compared with traditional materials, the special properties of dSMPs enable it to break through the constraints of original thinking in medicine, no longer limited by factors such as shape and volume, and design more complex, advanced and complete medical devices, exerting a profound and extensive influence on the development of medicine.
Degradable Shape Memory Polymers; Implants; 4D printing; Micro-robots.
Applications and Performance Enhancement of 4D-Printed Shape Memory Polymers in Biomedical Fields
Four-dimensional (4D) printing technology, combined with shape memory polymers (SMPs), permits controlled deformation of material constructs and thus finds applications across multiple disciplines. Due to favorable biocompatibility, this combined approach holds considerable promise for biomedical use. This review surveys recent advances in 4D-printed SMPs for biomedical purposes, focusing on applications such as tubular stents, bone tissue engineering scaffolds, drug delivery platforms, and biomimetic actuators. Current studies indicate that although 4D-printed SMPs generally exhibit acceptable biocompatibility for medical applications, their mechanical performance often falls short of clinical requirements. To overcome these limitations, the review categorizes enhancement strategies into two complementary directions: modifications of the 4D printing process and conventional material-level modifications of SMPs. It systematically summarizes prevailing approaches in both categories — for example, optimizing 4D printing parameters, alternating deposition of multilayer actuation materials, deliberate molecular-structure design, and physical blending — clarifies existing advances and limitations, and proposes a novel development pathway emphasizing “process–material” synergistic enhancement. These conclusions offer practical guidance for promoting the clinical translation of 4D-printed SMPs.
4D Printing; Shape Memory Polymers; Biomedical Applications; Performance Enhancement.
Research on the Design, Preparation and Application of Core-Shell Nanocapsules
A 160 nm monodisperse core shell nanocapsule architecture integrates three hierarchical diffusion control strata: core Stokes Einstein viscosity damping, shell polymer free volume obstruction, and outer layer electro steric shielding. These are embedded within a single step low shear solvent displacement interfacial polycondensation protocol that eliminates secondary emulsification. Continuum scale modeling quantitatively links core viscosity, shell cross link density and surface zeta potential to predict the effective diffusion coefficient and the magnitude of stimulus triggered permeability jumps. Experimental validation yields carriers that reproducibly exhibit below 10 percent initial burst release, below 50 ppm residual solvent, above 80 percent biphasic loading efficiency, and simultaneous compliance with food grade oral safety intestinal targeting and textile grade laundering durability air permeability metrics. The unified framework furnishes a mechanistic regulation aligned sector agnostic design toolkit for next generation programmable nano delivery systems, bridging molecular level diffusion physics with scalable green manufacturing and cross industry performance benchmarks while offering immediate translational utility for functional foods, nutraceuticals, cosmeceuticals and smart textiles.
Core-shell nanocapsule; continuum diffusion model; burst suppression; low-shear nanomanufacturing; programmable release.
Performance Advantages and Applications of Carbon Dots in Biological Detection
Carbon dots (CDs), as zero-dimensional carbon-based nanomaterials, have emerged as a research focus in biomedical fields due to their superior properties compared to traditional fluorescent materials. This paper first outlines the background of CDs, including their discovery timeline and core characteristics such as tunable photoluminescence, nanoscale size, non-toxicity, and good biocompatibility. It then systematically analyzes three key performance advantages of CDs in biological applications: excellent fluorescent properties, such as tunable colors, high stability, red/near-infrared emission, nanoscale size-enabled benefits, such as good water solubility, easy surface functionalization, deep tissue penetration, and non-toxicity Subsequently, the paper explores specific application scenarios in biological detection, including ion detection, in vitro cell imaging, and in vivo biological imaging. Finally, the paper discusses current challenges and future outlooks, emphasizing that CDs hold great potential to advance clinical diagnosis and life science research with further technological development. In the future, the development of carbon dots will further advance the progress of the biomedical field.
Carbon dots; biological detection; fluorescent probes; bioimaging; nanomaterials.
Recent Advances in Suppressing Sn²⁺ Oxidation in Sn–Pb-based Perovskite Solar Cells
Tin-lead (Sn-Pb) perovskite, a new solar energy material with superior energy-related characteristics, is the material of choice for the next generation of high-efficiency solar panels. Its single big flaw, however, is that the tin is unstable and readily "rusts" or oxidizes, a process that causes defects, which harms the electrical characteristics, constitutes waste of energy, reduces the power output of the solar cell and speeds up its degradation. The answer to this problem is essential. The purpose of this review paper is to survey the various latest ways of inhibiting this tin oxidation. To this end, first the paper discusses the chemical reasons for the instability of the tin. It then goes through the latest approaches in which there are three major approaches: changing the initial formulation of the chemicals so as to offer protection to the tin from the start, addition of some special protecting substances which will act as antioxidants to prevent against or overcome the defects, and lastly the strengthening of the union between the layers making up the solar cell. In analyzing these, it is expected that the problems lying ahead will be brought into sharp focus and this will indicate the field of future research on tin-lead perovskite solar cells, leading to the production of stable high efficiency (Sn-Pb) perovskite solar cells.
Perovskite solar cells; Sn–Pb perovskite; Sn²⁺oxidation; Interface engineering.
Gamified Interaction Empowering Exhibition XR: A Review of Practical Cases and Research into Integration Pathways Gamified Interaction Enhances Exhibition XR: A Review of Practical Cases and Research on Integration Pathways
At present, XR technology is driving a transformation in exhibitions. This shift is moving beyond ‘static displays’. It is moving toward ‘immersive experiences. However, the industry widely faces some challenges. The interactive features often lack variety. User engagement remains insufficient. The efficiency of cultural information dissemination can be improved. User retention rates also need enhancement. Exploring the value of integrating gamified interactions has now become essential. This approach is key to breaking through the current bottleneck. This paper focuses on the need to upgrade XR experiences in exhibitions. It examines this need within the context of digital media technology. This article systematically reviews typical XR applications from the exhibition and gaming fields. It integrates theories of virtual interaction design. The paper then provides an in-depth discussion on how gamified interactive elements can enhance the exhibition experience. Research indicates that current XR exhibitions have limitations. These exhibitions are primarily focused on viewing. Their interactive elements are often weak. Exhibitions can adopt gamified design methods. These methods include mission systems, operational feedback, and branching narratives. Such approaches significantly boost user engagement. This paper integrates practical cases like ‘The Vanishing Pharaoh’ and ‘Floating Dunhuang’. It also draws on game design principles from titles such as ‘Half-Life: Alyx’ and ‘Beat Saber’. Based on this, the study constructs a fusion framework of ‘Technical Adaptation, Content Anchoring, and Layered Design’. This framework offers theoretical guidance for gamified innovation in the XR exhibition field. It also provides a practical path for implementation.
Gamified interaction; Exhibition XR; Virtual interaction design; Practical cases; Convergence pathways.
Improving the Practical Experience of VR Games Based on Custom Gesture Interaction—Taking Minecraft as an Example
Although virtual reality (VR) games have developed rapidly, they still face the problem of low user retention rates due to poor interactive experiences. To address the issues of VR users' immersive experience and the operational efficiency of VR games, this study takes the VR mod Vivecraft of Minecraft as an example and proposes a user-defined gesture system that integrates a shortcut key operation mode and a gesture mapping framework, and demonstrates the feasibility of this solution through the classic operations of "flying in the game" and "reloading in the game" as cases. The research results show that this solution can significantly enhance players' sense of immersion and the operational feel within the game. However, the study also finds that user-defined gestures have problems such as gesture misjudgment, insufficient gesture accuracy, and high development difficulty, which need to be solved with multiple references in the future. This study provides theoretical and practical references for VR gesture interaction design.
VR gesture interaction design; Shortcut key; Gesture customization; Minecraft.
Heritage Revitalization Design Based on Gamification and AR Technology: A Case Study of the Old Library of Wuhan University
In the context of the digital technology-enabled revitalization of cultural heritage, this study takes the Old Library of Wuhan University as the research subject. Drawing on existing research results such as the structural characteristics of its roof, and using AR technology as the core, it integrates gamification concepts and human-computer interaction design to explore innovative approaches to the revitalization and protection of individual historical buildings. The research will employ literature review, case analysis, and prototype design methods to construct a gamified interactive system based on AR technology. It is expected to enhance public awareness and protection consciousness of the Old Library of Wuhan University, improve the immersion and engagement of heritage experiences, and provide a practical model for the revitalization and protection of similar individual historical building heritage sites. Furthermore, by combining storytelling with interactive elements, the system aims to create an emotional connection between users and the building, fostering a deeper understanding of its historical significance and architectural value, thereby promoting sustainable cultural heritage preservation in the digital age.
Gamification, Augmented reality, Heritage preservation.
Core Properties of Chitosan and Its Research Progress in Applications to the Medical and Food Industries
This paper explores the advancements and applications of chitosan, a naturally sourced, non-toxic, biocompatible and biodegradable polymer primarily derived from chitin extracted from crustacean exoskeletons and fungal cell walls, in both the medical and food industries. In the medical field, chitosan exhibits significant potentials such as broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against pathogenic bacteria and fungi, and high utility as a biocompatible, biodegradable carrier in drug delivery systems. In the food industry, owing to its excellent properties like biodegradability, non-toxicity, and film-forming ability alongside antimicrobial activity, chitosan has been widely applied in food and fruits preservation, often formulated as a coating to block oxygen and inhibit microbial growth, thereby effectively prolonging the shelf life of food and fruits. Moreover, chitosan can be chemically modified or physically combined with other substances like nanoparticles to tailor its properties, such as solubility, mechanical strength and antimicrobial efficiency, for specific applications in both sectors. Overall, chitosan holds great promise for revolutionizing applications in the medicine and food industries, and with further research and development to address current limitations like poor water solubility in neutral environments, its practical value will be further unlocked.
Chitosan; biocompatibility; antibacterial activity; medical applications; food Industry.